Liver Transplantation
The liver is the body's largest internal organ, weighing about 3 pounds in adults. It is located below the diaphragm on the right side of the abdomen.
The liver performs many complex functions in the body, including the following:
- Produces most proteins needed by the body
- Metabolizes, or breaks down, nutrients from food to produce energy, when needed
- Prevents shortages of nutrients by storing certain vitamins, minerals, and sugar
- Produces bile, a compound needed to digest fat and to absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K
- Produces most of the substances that regulate blood clotting
- Helps your body fight infection by removing bacteria from the blood
- Removes potentially toxic byproducts of certain medications
Liver transplantation is considered when the liver no longer functions adequately (liver failure). A common cause of liver failure is a sudden (acute) failure from infection or complications from certain medications.
Long-term liver failure can be a result of the following conditions:
- Chronic hepatitis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis: a rare condition in which the immune system inappropriately attacks and destroys the bile ducts, causing liver failure
- Sclerosing cholangitis: scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside of the liver. This results in backup of bile in the liver and liver failure.
- Biliary atresia: malformation of the bile ducts. (This is a common reason for transplant in children.)
- Alcoholism
- Wilson's disease: a rare inherited disease with abnormal deposition of copper throughout the body, including the liver, causing it to fail.
- Hemochromatosis (iron overload disease): a common inherited disease in which the body is overwhelmed with iron.
- Amyloidosis: the liver has abnormal deposits of an abnormal protein called amyloid that disrupts normal liver function
- Liver cancer
Evaluations by specialists from a variety of fields are needed to determine if transplantation is appropriate. The evaluation includes a review of your medical history and a variety of tests. Many health care facilities offer an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and select candidates for liver transplantation. This interdisciplinary health care team may include the following professionals:
- Liver specialist (hepatologist)
- Transplant surgeons
- Transplant coordinator, usually a registered nurse who specializes in the care of liver transplant patients. This person will be your primary contact with the transplant team.
- Social worker to discuss your support network of family and friends, employment history, and financial needs
- Psychiatrist to help you deal with issues, such as anxiety and depression, which may accompany the liver transplantation
- Anesthesiologist to discuss potential anesthesia risks
- Chemical dependency specialist to aid those with history of alcohol or drug abuse
- Financial counselor to act as a liaison between a patient and his or her insurance companies
You will need to bring all of your previous medical records, X-rays, liver biopsy slides, and a record of medications to your pre-evaluation. To complement and to update previous tests, some or all of the following diagnostic studies are generally performed during your evaluation. If specific problems are identified, additional tests may be ordered.
- Computed tomography, which uses X-rays and a computer to generate pictures of the liver, showing its size and shape
- Doppler ultrasound to determine if the blood vessels to and from your liver are open
- Echocardiogram to help evaluate your heart
- Pulmonary function studies to determine your lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Blood tests to determine blood type, clotting ability, and biochemical status of blood, and to gauge liver function. AIDS testing and hepatitis screening are also included.
If you become an active liver transplant candidate, your name will be placed on a waiting list. Patients are listed according to blood type, body size, and medical condition (how ill they are). Each patient is given a priority score based on three simple blood tests (creatine, bilirubin, and INR). The score is known as the MELD (model of end-stage liver disease) score in adults and PELD (pediatric end-stage liver disease) in children. Patients with the highest scores are transplanted first. As they become more ill, their scores will increase and therefore their priority for transplant increases, allowing for the sickest patients to be transplanted first. A small group of patients who are critically ill from acute liver disease have the highest priority on the waiting list.
It is impossible to predict how long a patient will wait for a liver to become available. Your transplant coordinator is always available to discuss where you are on the waiting list.
Where does a liver for a transplant come from?
There are two types of liver transplantation options: living donor transplantation and cadaveric transplantation.
Living donor liver transplants are an option for some patients with end-stage liver disease. This involves removing a segment of liver from a healthy living donor and implanting it into a recipient. Both the donor and recipient liver segments will grow to normal size in a few weeks.
The donor, who may be a blood relative, spouse, or friend, will have extensive medical and psychological evaluations to ensure the lowest possible risk. Blood type and body size are critical factors in determining who is an appropriate donor.
Recipients for the living donor transplantation must be active on the transplant waiting list. Their health must also be stable enough to undergo transplantation with excellent chances of success.
In cadaveric liver transplantation, the donor may be a victim of an accident or head injury. The donor’s heart is still beating but the brain has stopped functioning. Such a person is considered legally dead, because his or her brain has permanently and irreversibly stopped working. The heart continues to beat because the donor is attached to a respirator. The respirator delivers an adequate supply of oxygen to all vital organs. At this point, the donor is in an intensive care unit.
The identity of a cadaveric donor and circumstances surrounding the person's death are kept confidential.
Hospitals will evaluate all potential donors for evidence of liver disease, alcohol or drug abuse, cancer, or infection. Donors will also be tested for hepatitis, AIDS, and other infections. If this screening does not reveal problems with the liver, donors and recipients are matched according to blood type and body size. Age, race, and sex are not considered.
The transplant team will discuss your transplantation options with you at the time of your pretransplant evaluation, or you can contact the transplant team for more information.
What happens when a match is found?
When an organ has been identified for you, a transplant coordinator will contact you by telephone or by pager. Make sure that you do not eat or drink anything once you have been called to the hospital. The transplant coordinator will notify you of any additional instructions. When you arrive at the hospital, additional blood tests, an electrocardiogram, and a chest X-ray will generally be taken before the operation. You also may meet with the anesthesiologist and a surgical resident. If the donor liver is found to be acceptable, you will proceed with the transplant. If not, you will be sent home to continue waiting.
What happens during the transplant operation?
Liver transplants usually take from six to 12 hours. During the operation, surgeons will remove your liver and will replace it with the donor liver. Because a transplant operation is a major procedure, surgeons will need to place several tubes in your body. These tubes are necessary to help your body carry out certain functions during the operation and for a few days afterward:
During the operation, a tube will be placed through your mouth into your windpipe (trachea) to help you breathe during the operation and for the first day or two following the operation. The tube is attached to a ventilator that will expand your lungs mechanically.
A nasogastric tube will be inserted through your nose into your stomach. The nasogastric tube will drain secretions from your stomach, and it will remain in place for a few days until your bowel function returns to normal.
A tube called a catheter will be placed in your bladder to drain urine. This will be removed a few days after the operation.
Three tubes will be placed in your abdomen to drain blood and fluid from around the liver. These will remain in place for about one week.
In most cases, the surgeon will place a special tube, called a T-tube, in your bile duct. The T-tube will drain bile into a small pouch outside of your body so it can be measured several times daily. Only certain transplant patients receive a T-tube, which remains in place for five months. The tube causes no discomfort and does not interfere with daily activities.
What complications are associated with liver transplantation?
Two of the most common complications following liver transplantation are rejection and infection.
- Rejection. Your immune system works to destroy foreign substances that invade your body. The immune system, however, cannot distinguish between your transplanted liver and unwanted invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. Therefore, your immune system attempts to attack and destroy your new liver. This is called a rejection episode. About 70% of all liver-transplant patients have some degree of organ rejection prior to discharge. Antirejection medications are given to ward off the immune attack.
- Infection. Because antirejection drugs that suppress your immune system are needed to prevent the liver from being rejected, you are at increased risk for infections. This problem diminishes as time passes. Not all patients have problems with infections, and most infections can be treated successfully as they occur.
Your first return appointment will generally be scheduled about one to two weeks after discharge. During this visit, you will see the transplant surgeon and transplant coordinator. If needed, a social worker or a member of the psychiatric team may also be available.
All patients return to their transplant hospital approximately five months after the transplant. If a T-tube was inserted during the operation, it will be removed by the transplant surgeon at this time.
All patients are scheduled to return to the hospital at their one-year transplant anniversary date and annually thereafter.
Your primary care doctor should be notified when you receive your transplant and when you are discharged. Though most problems related to the transplant will need to be taken care of at the transplant hospital, your primary care doctor will remain an important part of your medical care
Informations obtained from National Institute of Health.